Is fall or spring better for planting trees?

Fall is generally the best time to plant trees in most of the United States, with some important regional exceptions. Here's the science behind why.

Why fall planting is often superior:

• Root growth continues in warm soil even after the canopy goes dormant. Fall-planted trees put energy into establishing roots rather than pushing leaves.
• Soil temperatures remain warm enough for root growth well into November in most areas (roots grow as long as soil is above ~40°F).
• Less transplant stress — cooler air temperatures and shorter days mean less water demand from leaves.
• Natural rainfall in fall and spring helps keep newly planted trees watered during root establishment.
• By the following spring, fall-planted trees have a head start and can focus energy on canopy growth.

When spring planting is better:

• Zones 3-4 (extreme northern US) — fall planting can be risky because roots may not establish before deep frost sets in
• Heavy clay soils that stay waterlogged in winter — fall planting can lead to root rot
• Bare-root trees — these are only available in spring and must be planted before budbreak
• Marginally hardy species — if a tree is at the edge of its hardiness range, spring planting gives it a full growing season to acclimate

Planting timeline:

• Fall planting window: September through mid-November (before the ground freezes)
• Spring planting window: After frost but before budbreak (typically March-May depending on region)
• Summer planting: Possible but risky — high heat and water demands make establishment difficult

Critical for both seasons: Water deeply at planting and continue regular watering through the first full growing season. Most newly planted tree deaths are caused by insufficient watering, not planting timing.

For complete planting instructions, visit our Planting Guide.